{"id":3978,"date":"2013-10-10T11:53:28","date_gmt":"2013-10-10T15:53:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/74.220.216.78\/?p=3978"},"modified":"2019-05-21T16:53:13","modified_gmt":"2019-05-21T20:53:13","slug":"o-rings_causesoffailure_117","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/daemar.com\/fr\/o-rings_causesoffailure_117.html\/","title":{"rendered":"Causes de d\u00e9faillance du joint torique"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/daemar.com\/fr\">Accueil<\/a> &gt;&gt; <a href=\"https:\/\/daemar.com\/fr\/seal.html\">\u00c9tanch\u00e9it\u00e9<\/a> &gt;&gt;<a href=\"https:\/\/daemar.com\/fr\/o_rings_13.html\">Joints Toriques<\/a> &gt;&gt; Causes de d\u00e9faillance du joint torique<\/p>\n<div class=\"row-fluid\">\n<div class=\"rhcol span7\">\n<h1>Causes de d\u00e9faillance du joint torique<\/h1>\n<p>Comme tout dispositif dont la conception est soumise au jugement, ou dont la pose est soumise \u00e0 l&#8217;erreur humaine, les joints toriques sont sujets \u00e0 des d\u00e9faillances. Voici un r\u00e9sum\u00e9 des mod\u00e8les de d\u00e9faillance des joints toriques visant \u00e0 donner un aper\u00e7u au concepteur ou \u00e0 l&#8217;ing\u00e9nieur des types de d\u00e9faillances les plus courants, ainsi qu&#8217;une liste des mesures correctives recommand\u00e9es. Il existe de nombreux types de d\u00e9faillances de joints, et les causes sont multiples. Nous avons donc essay\u00e9 ici de traiter uniquement les types de d\u00e9faillance les plus fr\u00e9quents.<br \/>\n<strong>Causes de d\u00e9faillance d&#8217;un joint torique<\/strong><br \/>\nL&#8217;interruption du fonctionnement d&#8217;un joint torique est en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral attribuable \u00e0 plusieurs raisons. Le plus souvent, si l&#8217;un des probl\u00e8mes existant au moment de la d\u00e9faillance n&#8217;\u00e9tait pas apparu, le joint torique aurait continu\u00e9 \u00e0 fonctionner. Il est important de prolonger au maximum la dur\u00e9e et la fiabilit\u00e9 de l&#8217;\u00e9tanch\u00e9it\u00e9 en r\u00e9duisant d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part la probabilit\u00e9 de d\u00e9faillance du joint en utilisant des pratiques de conception appropri\u00e9es, une s\u00e9lection de compos\u00e9s adapt\u00e9e, en effectuant des essais pr\u00e9alables \u00e0 la production et en donnant une formation et un perfectionnement continus au personnel d&#8217;assemblage.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rhcol span1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"rhcol span4\">\n<div class=\"toggle-box\"><h3 class=\"toggle-title sws_toggle1\">Ressources Techniques<\/h3><div class=\"toggle-content\"><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Comparaison des Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s\" href=\"https:\/\/daemar.com\/fr\/elastomers_comparisonofproperties_110.html\/\">Comparaison des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Temp\u00e9rature et Durom\u00e8tre\" href=\"https:\/\/daemar.com\/fr\/elastomers_temperaturedurometer_111.html\/\">Temp\u00e9rature et Durom\u00e8tre<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"\u00c9lastom\u00e8res\" href=\"https:\/\/daemar.com\/fr\/elastomers_112.html\/\">\u00c9lastom\u00e8res<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"S\u00e9lecteur de Compatibilit\u00e9 avec les Fluides\" href=\"https:\/\/daemar.com\/fr\/fluid_compatibility_113.html\/\">S\u00e9lecteur de Compatibilit\u00e9 avec les Fluides<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Conception des Rainures\" href=\"https:\/\/daemar.com\/fr\/o-rings_groovedesign_114.html\/\">Conception des Rainures<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Entreposage et Dur\u00e9e de Stockage\" href=\"https:\/\/daemar.com\/fr\/elastomers_shelf-life_115.html\/\">Entreposage et Dur\u00e9e de Stockage<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Causes de D\u00e9faillance des Joints Toriques\" href=\"https:\/\/daemar.com\/fr\/o-rings_causesoffailure_117.html\/\">Causes de D\u00e9faillance des Joints Toriques<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Lubrifiants Convenant aux divers Joints Toriques\" href=\"https:\/\/daemar.com\/fr\/o-ring_lubrication_116.html\/\">Lubrifiants Convenant aux divers Joints Toriques<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr style=\"border: 1px solid #cecece;\" \/>\n<div class=\"row-fluid\">\n<div class=\"rhcol span12\">\n<h3>Extrusion et grignotage<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row-fluid\">\n<div class=\"rhcol span5\">\n<p>L&#8217;extrusion et le grignotage du joint torique constituent une cause principale de d\u00e9faillance des joints dans les applications dynamiques, comme les joints de tige hydraulique et les joints de<br \/>\npiston. On trouve \u00e9galement ce type de d\u00e9faillance de temps \u00e0 autre dans les applications statiques soumises \u00e0 une pulsation de pression \u00e9lev\u00e9e entra\u00eenant l&#8217;augmentation et la r\u00e9duction du jeu des brides de contact, emprisonnant le joint torique entre les surfaces de contact.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Analyse des d\u00e9faillances<\/strong><br \/>\nEn r\u00e8gle g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, l&#8217;EXTRUSION et le GRIGNOTAGE sont attribuables \u00e0 l&#8217;une des situations suivantes, au moins:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Jeux excessifs<\/li>\n<li>Pression \u00e9lev\u00e9e (sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 la pression de calcul du syst\u00e8me ou aux excursions de pression \u00e9lev\u00e9e)<\/li>\n<li>Mat\u00e9riau du joint torique trop souple<\/li>\n<li>D\u00e9gradation (gonflement, ramollissement, r\u00e9tr\u00e9cissement, fissure, etc.) du mat\u00e9riau du joint torique par le fluide du syst\u00e8me<\/li>\n<li>Jeux irr\u00e9guliers attribuables \u00e0 l&#8217;excentricit\u00e9<\/li>\n<li>Augmentation des jeux en raison de la pression excessive du syst\u00e8me<\/li>\n<li>Usinage inappropri\u00e9 de la gorge du joint torique (bords tranchants)<\/li>\n<li>Taille inappropri\u00e9e du joint torique pos\u00e9 (trop grand) entra\u00eenant un remplissage excessif de la rainure<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rhcol span1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"rhcol span5\"><strong>Pr\u00e9vention ou correction<\/strong><br \/>\nVoici des suggestions de solutions aux probl\u00e8mes d&#8217;extrusion et de grignotage susmentionn\u00e9s:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>R\u00e9duire le jeu en r\u00e9duisant les tol\u00e9rances d&#8217;usinage<\/li>\n<li>Utiliser des bagues antiextrusion<\/li>\n<li>S&#8217;assurer que le mat\u00e9riau du joint torique est compatible avec le fluide du syst\u00e8me<\/li>\n<li>Augmenter la rigidit\u00e9 des composants m\u00e9talliques<\/li>\n<li>Remplacer le joint torique actuel par un joint torique plus dur<\/li>\n<li>R\u00e9duire les bords tranchants de la gorge \u00e0 un rayon minimal de 0,002 po<\/li>\n<li>Garantir la pose de joints toriques de taille appropri\u00e9e<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>D\u00e9tection d&#8217;une d\u00e9faillance li\u00e9e \u00e0 l&#8217;extrusion<\/strong><br \/>\nLes bords du joint sur le c\u00f4t\u00e9 basse pression (du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de la gorge o\u00f9 la pression ne s&#8217;exerce pas) ont l&#8217;air \u00ab rogn\u00e9s \u00bb ou \u00ab effrit\u00e9s \u00bb constituent un exemple type d&#8217;extrusion du joint torique.<br \/>\nSur un joint torique d\u00e9faillant en raison du grignotage, on peut avoir l&#8217;impression que de nombreux petits morceaux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 retir\u00e9s du c\u00f4t\u00e9 basse pression. Dans certains cas d&#8217;extrusion, plus de la moiti\u00e9 du joint torique peut \u00eatre d\u00e9truite avant que l&#8217;on d\u00e9tecte une fuite catastrophique.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr style=\"border: 1px solid #cecece;\" \/>\n<div class=\"row-fluid\">\n<div class=\"rhcol span12\">\n<h3>Compression Set<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row-fluid\">\n<div class=\"rhcol span5\">\n<p>Probably the most common cause of O-ring failure is compression set. An effective O-ring seal requires a continuous \u201cseal line\u201d between the sealed surfaces. The establishment of this \u201cseal line\u201d is a function of gland design and seal cross-section which determines the correct amount of squeeze (compression) on the O-ring to maintain seal integrity without excessive deformation of the seal element. There are a number of factors that can contribute to compression set failure of an O-ring seal. They are listed below.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Failure Analysis<\/strong><br \/>\nIn general, COMPRESSION SET is caused by one or more of the following conditions:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Selection of O-ring material with inherently poor compression set properties.<\/li>\n<li>Improper gland design.<\/li>\n<li>Excessive temperature developed causing the O-ring to harden and lose its elastic properties.<\/li>\n<li>Volume swell of the O-ring due to system fluid.<\/li>\n<li>Excessive squeeze due to over tightening of adjustable glands.<\/li>\n<li>Incomplete curing (vulcanization) of O-ring material during production.<\/li>\n<li>Introduction of fluid incompatible with O-ring material.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rhcol span1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"rhcol span5\"><strong>Prevention\/Correction<\/strong><br \/>\nSuggested solutions to the causes of compression set are:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Use \u201cLOW-SET\u201d O-ring material whenever possible.<\/li>\n<li>Select O-ring material compatible with intended service conditions.<\/li>\n<li>Reduce system operating temperature.<\/li>\n<li>Check frictional heat build-up at seal interface and reduce if excessive.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Inspect incoming O-ring shipments for correct physical properties.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Identification of Compression Set Failure<\/strong><br \/>\nA typical example of classic O-ring compression set in simplistic terms: the O-ring ceases to be \u201cO\u201d shaped and is permanently deformed into a flat sided oval, the flat sides of which were the original seal interface and under compression before failure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr style=\"border: 1px solid #cecece;\" \/>\n<div class=\"row-fluid\">\n<div class=\"rhcol span12\">\n<h3>Spiral Failure<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row-fluid\">\n<div class=\"rhcol span5\">\n<p>Spiral failure of an O-ring is often found on long stroke hydraulic piston seals and to a lesser degree on rod seals. This type of O-ring failure is caused when the seal becomes \u201chung-up\u2019\u2019 at one point on its diameter (against the cylinder wall) and slides and rolls at the same time. The resultant twisting of the O-ring as the sealed device is cycled finally causes the seal to develop a series of deep spiral cuts (usually at a 45\u00b0 angle) on the surface of the seal.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Failure Analysis<\/strong><br \/>\nAs stated above, spiral failure is generally caused by an O-ring both sliding and rolling at the same time. Conditions which may cause this to occur are:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Eccentric components.<\/li>\n<li>Wide clearance combined with side loads.<\/li>\n<li>Uneven surface finishes.<\/li>\n<li>Inadequate or improper lubrication.<\/li>\n<li>O-ring too soft.<\/li>\n<li>Stroke speed (usually too slow).<\/li>\n<li>Improper installation (O-ring pinched or rolled).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rhcol span1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"rhcol span5\"><strong>Prevention\/Correction<\/strong><br \/>\nSuggested solutions to the causes of spiral failure are as follows:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Improve surface finish of sealed assembly at dynamic interface (Cylinder Bore, Piston Rod).<\/li>\n<li>Check for out-of-round components (Cylinder Bores especially).<\/li>\n<li>Provide proper lubrication.<\/li>\n<li>Replace with a harder O-ring.<\/li>\n<li>Consider use of alternate seal shapes<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Identification Of Spiral Failure<\/strong><br \/>\nYou will see the typical cuts that gave this type of O-ring failure its name.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr style=\"border: 1px solid #cecece;\" \/>\n<div class=\"row-fluid\">\n<div class=\"rhcol span12\">\n<h3>Explosive Decompression<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row-fluid\">\n<div class=\"rhcol span5\">\n<p>With the advent of the space age we are seeing this type of O-ring failure with increasing frequency. It might be termed O-ring embolism, in that after a period of service under high pressure gas, when the pressure is reduced too rapidly, the gas trapped within the internal structure of the O-ring expands rapidly, causing small ruptures or pitting on the O-ring surface.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Failure Analysis<\/strong><br \/>\nExplosive decompression, or gas expansion rupture is caused by high pressure gas trapped within the internal structure of the elastomeric seal element. Rapid decrease in system pressure causes the trapped gas to expand to match the external pressure and this expansion causes blisters and ruptures on the seal surface. If the volume of trapped gas is small, the blisters may recede as the pressure is equalized with little effect on seal integrity. Excessive trapped gas may cause total destruction of the seal.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rhcol span1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"rhcol span5\"><strong>Prevention\/Correction<\/strong><br \/>\nSuggested solutions to explosive decompression are:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Increase decompression time to allow trapped gas to work out of seal material.<\/li>\n<li>Choose a seal material with good resistance to explosive decompression.<\/li>\n<li>If problem persists and pressures are very high consider use of metallic \u2018O\u2019 Ring or \u2018C\u2019 Ring.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Identification Of Explosive Decompression Failure<\/strong><br \/>\nThe seal subjected to explosive decompression will often exhibit small pits or blisters on its surface. In severe cases, examination of the internal structure of the O-ring will reveal other splits and fissures.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr style=\"border: 1px solid #cecece;\" \/>\n<div class=\"row-fluid\">\n<div class=\"rhcol span12\">\n<h3>Abrasion<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row-fluid\">\n<div class=\"rhcol span5\">\n<p>Another rather common type of O-ring failure is abrasion. This usually is found only in dynamic seals subject either to reciprocating, oscillating, or rotary motion. Possible causes of O-ring abrasion are listed below.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Failure Analysis<\/strong><br \/>\nIn general, abrasion of O-ring seals is caused by one or more of the following:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Improper finish of the surface in dynamic contact with the O-ring. This surface finish may be too rough, acting as an abrasive, or too smooth, causing inadequate lubrication due to inability of surface to hold lubricant.<\/li>\n<li>Improper lubrication provided by system fluid.<\/li>\n<li>Excessive temperatures.<\/li>\n<li>Contamination of system fluid by abrasive particles.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rhcol span1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"rhcol span5\"><strong>Prevention\/Correction<\/strong><br \/>\nSuggested solutions to problems caused by abrasion are:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Use proper surface finish.<\/li>\n<li>Provide adequate lubrication by use of proper system fluid.<\/li>\n<li>Consider use of internally lubricated O-rings to reduce friction and wear.<\/li>\n<li>Check for contamination of fluid and eliminate source. Install filters if necessary.<\/li>\n<li>Consider changing to an O-ring material with improved abrasion resistance.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Identification Of Abrasion Failure<\/strong><br \/>\nThe O-ring that has failed due to wear through abrasion usually exhibits a flat area on the side of the seal which was in contact with the dynamic surface. Frequently there will be wear lines on this flat surface parallel to the direction of motion. Abrasion failure may be differentiated from compression set failure in that with abrasion, only one side of the O-ring will be flat or worn while with compression set failure, both sides of the O-ring are equally deformed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr style=\"border: 1px solid #cecece;\" \/>\n<div class=\"row-fluid\">\n<div class=\"rhcol span12\">\n<h3>Installation Damage<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row-fluid\">\n<div class=\"rhcol span5\">\n<p>Many O-ring failures can be directly attributed to improper installation. In spite of its simple appearance, the O-ring is a precision device requiring care during installation. Some of the more frequent causes of O-ring failure due to careless handling are listed below.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Failure Analysis<\/strong><br \/>\nDamage to an O-ring during installation can occur when:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>There are sharp corners on mating metal components such as the O-ring gland or threads over which the O-ring must pass during assembly.<\/li>\n<li>Insufficient lead-in chamfer.<\/li>\n<li>Blind grooves in multi-port valves.<\/li>\n<li>Oversize O-ring on piston seal application.<\/li>\n<li>Under size O-ring on rod application.<\/li>\n<li>O-ring twisted\/pinched during installation.<\/li>\n<li>O-ring not properly lubricated before installation.<\/li>\n<li>O-ring dirty upon installation.<\/li>\n<li>O-ring gland and\/or other surfaces over which O-ring must pass during assembly contaminated with metal particles.<\/li>\n<li>General carelessness.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rhcol span1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"rhcol span5\"><strong>Prevention\/Correction<\/strong><br \/>\nProbably the best way to prevent damage to O-rings during installation is the use of good common sense. There are some specific solutions which are listed below:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Break all sharp edges on metal components.<\/li>\n<li>Provide a 20 degree lead-in chamfer.<\/li>\n<li>Check all components for cleanliness before installation.<\/li>\n<li>Tape all threads over which the O-ring will pass.<\/li>\n<li>Use an O-ring lubricant.<\/li>\n<li>Double check O-ring to insure correct size and material.<\/li>\n<li>Be CAREFUL.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Identification Of Installation Failure<\/strong><br \/>\nIt is difficult to properly illustrate the many possible results of installation failure. One of the more common failure modes is the \u201cSkiving\u2019\u2019 of the O-ring surface due to cutting by metal components. Those cuts are usually very clean as if made with a very sharp knife. Another indication of bad installation will be small cuts or notches on the O-ring. In almost all cases, the damage will appear on the surface of the O-ring away from the bottom of the O-ring groove.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr style=\"border: 1px solid #cecece;\" \/>\n<div class=\"row-fluid\">\n<div class=\"rhcol span12\">\n<h3>Other Causes of O-Ring Failure<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row-fluid\">\n<div class=\"rhcol span5\">\n<p>Although not illustrated here, there are several other possible causes of O-ring failure. They are:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Weather and ozone degradation.<\/li>\n<li>Heat aging and oxidation.<\/li>\n<li>Loss of plasticizer.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rhcol span1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"rhcol span5\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Accueil &gt;&gt; \u00c9tanch\u00e9it\u00e9 &gt;&gt;Joints Toriques &gt;&gt; Causes de d\u00e9faillance du joint torique Causes de d\u00e9faillance du joint torique Comme tout dispositif dont la conception est [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":10899,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[44,3],"tags":[125,122,124,121,126,119,91,120,123],"class_list":["post-3978","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-o-rings","category-seal","tag-abrasion","tag-compression-set","tag-explosive-decompression","tag-extrusion-and-nibbling","tag-installation-damage","tag-o-ring-failure","tag-o-rings-2","tag-prevent-o-ring-failure","tag-spiral-failure"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - 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